Exploring the Safety and Therapeutic Potential of the Moringa Species for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major public health concern, impairing mobility, productivity and quality of life. With a growing interest in functional foods and nutraceuticals, the Moringa species, widely consumed and rich in bioactive compounds, is being explored for its potential role in musculoskeletal health. However, its efficacy in MSD management remains unclear. This systematic review evaluates the safety and therapeutic potential of Moringa species in MSD management. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome framework, comprehensive searches of PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science were conducted. Eligible studies included randomised controlled trials, controlled trials, and quasi-experimental studies involving human or animal models of MSDs treated with Moringa species. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tools. Altogether, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria (5 human trials and 11 animal studies). Moringa significantly reduced pain in humans [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score of fatigue decreased by 32.7, while VAS score of joint pain was reduced by 12] and inflammation markers such as serum amyloid A, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Animal studies demonstrated strong analgesic effects, including 83.66% writhing inhibition and 97.33% oedema reduction at 500 mg/kg and lower oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde. No major toxicity was observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The Moringa species exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties, supporting their potential as safe functional foods or nutraceuticals for musculoskeletal health. However, well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy, optimised dosage and safety.